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Written by Lee Brobst
lee.eagleeye.brobst@gmail.com
May 1, 2009
Article Index
ARE YOU SUBJECT TO ©
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Part V
Part 3 of 5
INCOME TAXES
According to Black’s Law Dict. 5th Ed. p. 688 “an income tax is a tax on the yearly
profits arising from property, business pursuits, professions, trades or offices. A tax
on a person’s income, profits, and the like, or the excess thereof over a certain
amount.”
Today’s tax laws although called income taxes among individuals can be divided
into:
1. Gift taxes—They are what they are.
2. Custom or Duty taxes—based on expediency and convenience.
3. Taxes on profits from stocks and bonds and interest on saving accounts.
4. Privilege, immunity, or franchise taxes—based on intangibles such as limited
liability for the privilege of debt or tangibles such as corporate charters.
5. Estate tax or death tax based upon No. 4.
WHAM O !!!! a progressive or graduated income tax right out of Karl Marx and Fred
Engel’s communist manifesto.
We will deal with the most important tax first and that is the Social Security or gift
tax. As mentioned earlier, since 1933 by public policy you are considered insolvent
or bankrupt therefore, you have a privilege of not being able to “Pay” your debts.
You must bear in mind that HJR 192 only states that it is against public policy to
demand payment. It does not say to whom the debt applies, it only implies or there
is a presumption that you owe the debt subject to private international law and its
unilateral consequences. An example is government forms. There is nothing on
those forms that tell you what you are signing. It does not say it’s a contract, it
does not say what the terms are, who is responsible for what or where the contract
is to take place. Nobody but you signs the form or forms. There is no consideration
or use mentioned therefore, being said form or forms are only signed by you it is
presumed by the government that you intended to create a “third party recognizes
or charitable subscription or debt acknowledgement.
When someone gives a gift to the government, and there is no terms or conditions,
the charitable thing to do, is give a gift in return, thus the government creates the
social security trust (unincorporated association) is born. Under federal law when
you make a gift, you have to fill out the forms (1040) and pay the taxes on that gift
to wit:
CHAPTER 4—Gift TAxes page 144
Volume 53 Part I United States Statutes at Large (1939)
Sec. 1000. Imposition of Tax
(a) For the calendar year 1940 and each calendar year thereafter a tax, computed
as provided in section 1001, shall be imposed upon the transfer during such
calendar year by any individual, resident or non-resident, of property by gift. Gift
taxes for the calendar years 1932-1939, inclusive, shall not be affected by the
provisions of this chapter, but shall remain subject to the applicable provisions of
the Revenue Act of 1932, except as such provisions are modified by legislation
enacted subsequent to the Revenue Act of 1932.
(b) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the
gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or
intangible; but in the case of a non-resident not a citizen of the United States, shall
apply to a transfer only if the property is situated within the United States.7
[Bold emphasis added]
Sec. 1005 GIFTS MADE IN PROPERTY
If the gift is made in property, the value thereof at the date of the gift shall be
considered the amount of the gift.
Sec. 1006. RETURNS
(a) REQUIREMENT.—Any individual who within the calendar year 1940 or any
calendar year thereafter makes transfers by gift (except those which under section
1003 are not to be included in the total amount of gifts for such year) shall make a
return under oath in duplicate. The return shall set forth (1) each gift made during
the calendar year which under section 1003 is to be included in computing net gifts;
(2) the deductions claimed and allowable under section 1004; (3) the net gifts for
each of the preceding calendar years; and (4) such further information as may be
required by regulations made pursuant to law.
Sec. 1007 records and special returns
1. By Donor.—Every person liable to any tax imposed by this chapter or for the
collection thereof, shall keep such records, render under oath such statements,
make such returns, and comply with such rules and regulations, as the
Commissioner, with the approval of Secretary, may from time to time prescribe.
[§§568-570] from Gilbert’s Law of Outlining by Emanuel (1999) See also West
Nutshell Series on contracts.
§ 163. Intended Beneficiaries in Special Situations: Government Contracts and
Assumption of Secured Indebtedness.
Third party beneficiaries can be found to have acquired enforceable rights in
situations in which the presence of third party interests is not readily apparent.
Anytime a contract will have the effect of producing a direct benefit for
certain individuals or for a class of people, it is necessary to analyze the
§ 163 THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES 351
question whether the promisee intended that these persons have enforceable
rights.
There are many types of contracts that are made between government
agencies and private parties or other governmental units for the primary
purpose of benefiting a class of citizens.
From Emanueal Law Outlines: Contracts, 1993-94 edition, p. 112
Now can the Service/government collect when you sign a Wage
Withholding Certificate and give it to the employer even though the
Service/government is not a party to the agreement between you and
your employer to withhold? This area of contract law is called “third
party beneficiaries” and the answer is yes: [Bold underline emphasis
added]
Emanueal, supra, at 324.
The third party beneficiary chapter goes on to show how the common law rule was
that a third party beneficiary could not recover on the contract, but that this rule
has been generally abrogated if one is the intended beneficiary.
Enrolled. The registering or entering on the rolls of the chancery, kings bench,
common pleas, or exchequer, to the clerk of the peace in the records of the quarter
sessions of any lawful act; as a recognizance, a deed of bargain and sale, and the
like. Jacob Law Dictionary.
“NUL TIEL RECORD. No such record. A plea denying the existence of any such
record as that alleged by the plaintiff. It is the genera1 plea in an action of debt on
a judgment, Hoffheimer v. Stiefel, 17 Misc. 236, 39 N.Y.S. 714; Watters v. Freeman
Bros., 16 Ga.App. 595, 85 S.E. 931. Judgment of nul tiel record occurs when some
pleading denies the existence of a record and issue is joined thereon; the record
being produced is compared by the court with the statement in the pleading which
alleges it; and if they correspond, the party asserting its existence obtains
judgment; if they do not correspond, the other party obtains judgment of nul tiel
record (no such record).” Black’s Law Dict. 4th ed.
From Gilberts Law § 52 Contracts
“Cases decided under English common law as well as early American cases denied
enforcement by third parties because they were persons “from whom no
consideration flowed” or because there was no “mutuality of obligation.” However,
with the general recognition in the United States of enforceable rights in third party
beneficiaries, the notion that the plaintiff had to incur some legal detriment as part
of the bargained ex-change has been rejected”.
Notice it does not say the common law of “the” state instead it uses the term United
States. See federal common law in D'Oench, Duhme & Co., Inc. v. Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation 315 U.S. 447 supra. In other words, a bona fide debt must
be enrolled and to be enrolled it must be certified that the debt is owed. This is the
rule of the common law; but we are not dealing in the common law of “the” state of
Article IV Section 3 cl.1 or Article I Section 10.
To the contrary, you as a “person” have “other Property” in “a” state or territory
that has not been incorporated into the “Union of states”. That is to say, you have
a debt res or treated as a “fictitious person” in a inchoate or one of the federated
(incomplete) states or states that have no boarders.
Therefore a resident under Article IV Section 3 cl.2 that is under private
international law. Any of those above classifications are “other property” that the
government has jurisdiction over. See O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 US 516,
537 (1933). See also 28 USC Part I Chapt.5 sec 88. See attached copy.
The presumption of a trust for the grantor on a voluntary conveyance has
changed to a presumption of a gift to the grantee, where no consideration
or use is mentioned. According to current thought, if a grantor expects a
trust for him or others he will state it in the deed, and if he does not do so,
the natural inference is that he desired to make a gift. Collins v. Collins, 52 P.
2d 1169; Todd v. Todd, 92 N.W.2d 415; Fooshee v. Kasenberg, 102 P 2d 995;
Hojnacki v. Hojnacki, 275 N.W. 659; Niemaseck v. Beruett Holding Co., 4 A.2d 794 ;
Marston v. Myers, 342 P.2d 1111. LAW OF TRUSTS, 5th ed. by Bogart at p. 265
(1973). [Bold emphasis added].
A charitable trust is a trust the performance of which will, in the court of chancery,
[equity] accomplishes a substantial amount of social benefit to the public or
some reasonable large class thereof. It is immaterial that the settlor had
personal motives in creating the trust, if the trust has charitable effects, but the
purpose must not include profit-making by the settlor, trustees or others. See,
Restatement, Restitution § 160, Restatement Trusts, Second 1e. [Bold emphasis
added].
A charitable trust is frequently called a public trust. Appeal of Eliot, 51 A. 558.
“A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied
consistently with existing laws, [under Art IV Sec 3 c. 2] for the benefit of an
indefinite number of persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts
under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from
disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish
themselves in life, or by erecting and maintaining public buildings or
works, or otherwise lessening the burdens of government.” [that is under
Art IV Sec. 3 cl. 2. The Government under Article IV Sec. 3. cl. 1 has not the power
to receive a gift in trust] The gift tax statutes of 1939 were passed after Erie RR v.
Tompkins 304 US 64 in 1938.
"A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied
consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of
persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of
education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or
constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting
and maintaining public buildings or works, or otherwise lessening the
burdens of government." Gray, J., in Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen, Mass., 539,
556. See Restatement, Trusts, Second, § 368
(What Purposes Are Charitable). “It [a charitable trust] includes everything that is
within the letter and spirit of the Statute of Elizabeth, considering such spirit to be
broad enough to include whatever will promote, in a legitimate way, the comfort,
happiness, and improvement of an indefinite number of persons.” Harrington
v. Pier, 82 N.W. 345, 50 L.R.A. 307, 76 Am.St.Rep. 924. [Bold emphasis added]
Notice that the Statute of Elizabeth (1552-1602), included both the letter and spirit
of the law. It is my belief that the Statute of Elizabeth was the main reason for
Article IV sec. 3 cl.1 and Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 and the separation of powers doctrine
of Articles I, II, III. Remember, the Government under Article IV sec. 3 cl.1 has no
authority to establish a charitable trust but the government under Article IV Article 3
sec. cl.2 does have that authority to receive a gift from you, either by implied or
written consent. “The word 'charity,' as used in law, has a broader meaning
and includes substantially any scheme or effort to better the condition of
society or any considerable part thereof. It has been well said that any gift
not inconsistent with existing laws, which is promotive of science or tends
to the education, enlightening, benefit, or amelioration of the condition of
mankind or the diffusion of useful knowledge, or is for the public
convenience, is a charity.” 8 Wilson v. First Nat. First National Bank of
Independence 145 N. W. 948 952, Ann.Cas.1916D, 481. LAW OF TRUSTS by
Bogart, 1973 p. 200. [Bold emphasis added]
In a Washington case a gift to propagate socialism was sustained as a valid
charity. Peth v. Spear, 115 P. 164. LAW OF TRUSTS, 5th ed. by Bogart at p. 237
(1973). [Bold emphasis added].
The United States Government may be the trustee of a charitable trust.” Russell v.
Allen, 107 U.S. 163, and further; “The United States or a state has capacity to take
and hold property upon a charitable trust.
Admiralty-Maritime—THE LETTER AND STRICT MEANING or the SPIRIT AND
TRUE MEANING UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
There is another pitfall to all of this. As mentioned above, when you give a gift, the
charitable thing to do is give a gift in return, the return gift is Social Security. With
no separation of powers, the law of the sea under admiralty-maritime comes inland;
not under the letter and strict meaning; but rather the spirit and true meaning of the
U.S. Constitution that is reflected in each state’s offices where Birth Certificates are
issued. Here in Pennsylvania said office is titled Office of Vital Statistics located in
New Castle, Pa., north of Pittsburgh. This author has visited said office several
times and discovered that the corner of the Vital Statistics building‘s foundation is
imbedded in a creek bed, with running water, with a high water mark located about
10 feet up on the building. Inside the building there are displays of 100 and 500
year flood plain maps. This author has visited approximately thirty-five different
states’ buildings that issue Birth Certificates and has found that every one of them
had high water markers of some kind on or immediately near the buildings. You can
be rest assured that the birth records in that building are below the high water mark.
Spirit of the law—the general meaning and purpose of the law as opposed to its
literal content. Compare letter of the law. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 1437.
The general meaning and purpose is public policies unincorporated association in
bankruptcy. Its members considered specifically by the law as weak or flawed for
allowing bankruptcy followed by socialism then communism. . Public policy is not
grounded in the letter of the law; the letter of the law is damned. Instead there is the
spirit of the mind of everybody’s illusions of the way they think things are; or the
way they think should things should be; none of which is grounded in the law. Alan
Greenspan tried to ground public policy when he stated we must treat a fiat money
system as though it was anchored in gold.. So much for Greenspan’s grounding
policy, thanks to greedy and power hungry politicians.
Letter of the law—the strictly literal meaning of the law, rather than the intention
policy behind it. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 924.
The intended policy is public policies unincorporated association in bankruptcy. Its
members ushering in socialism to be followed by communism.
When your parents signed your birth certificate, they created a legal fiction called a
strawman (see footnote above). In other words, you are dead in the Law of reality,
with its letter and strict meaning, to be reborn as a legal fiction in the spirit of the
law as a 14th amendment “person” with no sovereignty under the Constitution of U.
S.
The birth certificate is first registered with the bureau of vital statistics. Your name
being spelled with all capital letters that makes you the fiduciary trustee of the
Social Security account. The government then resisters the birth certificate with the
U.S. Department of Commerce where the birth certificate becomes commercial
paper or a negotiable instrument. At that point in time, that commercial instrument
can be claimed by anyone, yes even your parents. The commercial interests lay
claim to the instrument. The birth certificate is then treated as an investment
security. All the social security numbers are registered at the state level then to
Department of Commerce at federal level, then to the Depository Trust Corporation
at 55 Water Street in New York City. The certificate becomes subject to the
“Committee On Uniform Identification Processes” that is a trademark of “Standard
and Poors”, is located on the bottom floor of the DTC building at Water Street in
Washington D.C. 9
Paper—A negotiable document or instrument evidencing a debt especially
commercial documents or negotiable instruments considered as a group. Black’s
Law Dict. 8th ed. [underline bold emphasis added]. See HJR 192 and Erie RR v.
Tompkins 304 US 64. (1938).
When you turn 18 years of age, you have the right to disclaim that social security
number, without a legal battle, but in the mean time, before you file the disclaimer
when you turn 18, if you sign any W-4, W-2, 1040, 1099, government loan forms, or
any such forms whereby you use the public debt for your personal benefit, you
become “Subject to” the 14th Amendment and its spirit of the law.
With the above in mind, are we not walking on water in the spirit and true meaning
of the Constitution as determined by Congress under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2.
With all the facts concerning the birth certificate, it is safe to say that we are born of
water in the spirit of the law.
THE BIBLE AND THE LAW IN RELATION TO THE CONSTITUTION OF UNITED
STATES
People read words that have no idea of the true meaning of those words. A person
cannot take the written word of someone unless it is backed up with facts. Idle
words are one thing. Describing the law or an event that has important implications
is a different story. It is this author’s firm belief, after researching and putting
together this document of all the numerous facts that much of the Bible is a history
of the law. Take John 3: 1 thru 21. For example, verse 5. “Unless one is born of
water and the spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God”. The key words are “born
of water”, “spirit”, and “kingdom”. Take “born of water” is just words without any
meaning that are not based upon any facts. We could jump to conclusions and say
just about anything, based upon our interpretation or illusions or somebody else’s
interpretation or illusions.
The following definitions are taken from Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance (1890)
noted as (STRONG’S) or BLD, (Black’s Law Dictionary). Hebrew in chaldee
John 3:5, 6, 8.
Spirit—Wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible or even violent) exhalation;
fig. Life, anger, unsubstantially; by extens. A region of the sky; by resemblance
spirit, but only of a rational being (include. Its expression and functions); - air,
anger, blast, breath, x cool, courage, mind x quarter, x side, spirit ( [ - ual] ),
tempest, x vain, ( [whirl - ] ) wind ( - y - ). Strong’s.
Spirit . . . “To aspire, however, was first breath upon (much the same as
inspire, inspiration, q.v.) then to breath toward, seek to reach, from L. ad to +
spirare, spirat—to breathe—whence also the spirit L. spiritus, originally the breath
of life or animating principal in each of us. The various meanings of spirit follow
from this, as the evil spirit that direct a person, the spirits summed by a spiritualist.
Hence also the use as the basic principal or essence of anything; as the four spirits
of the medieval alchemists.” From DICTIONARY OF WORD ORIGINS (Word
Origins) by Joseph T. Shipley (1945) p. 365.
Spirit is something that has no physical presence or form, therefore the law has a
way of dealing with spirit as evidenced in the 11th and 14th amendments; Article IV
Sec. 3 cl.2 and the separation of powers doctrine along with the Conflict of Laws.
Otherwise, people could commit murder without being punished because the spirit
would be a total power to itself. With the above definitions of the spirit of the law, it
becomes very confusing to the mind. An example is the government. With no
grounding to the law of reality we are witnessing the result of the spirit of the law
with the turmoil in our state and federal governments. The people want somebody,
real or imagined, to solve their problems. Of course that becomes oblivious being
they are weak or flawed as in enjoying a quasi corporate privilege in limited liability.
Spirit. See trophy. This is not a mistake. Word for word, this is how the definition of
the word “spirit” starts from DICTIONARY OF WORD ORIGINS (Word Origins) by
Joseph T. Shipley (1945) p. 365.
Trophy. “A trophy was originally a monument erected where an enemy was turned
back. Gr. (Greek) trepein, to turn whence trope, putting to flight, whence L. (Latin)
trophaeum, whence Fr. (French) tropee. As solders carried home mementos taken
from the stricken foe, the term enlarged its meaning.
A trope, figure of speech, is a turning of a word from its literal sense. The tropic
region is that in which the sun turns after the solstice (L. solstitium, from sol, sun +
sistere, to stand).” (Word Origins) p. 365.
As noted above: Spirit of the law—the general meaning and purpose of the law as
opposed to its literal content. Compare letter of the law. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P.
1437.
Letter of the law—the strictly literal meaning of the law, rather than the intention
policy behind it. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 924.
The question becomes, has the sun in the sky been turned from its literal sense in
the world of reality into the spirit of the law to create the Son of man??? As noted
in John 3: 13 to wit:
”No one has ascended to heaven but He who came down from heaven, that is, the
Son of Man who is in heaven.”
Comments: It’s quite a surprise to discover that the word spirit originated from
trophy. It appears that literally speaking from the law of reality where mathematics
rule, the sun in the heavens is light, life, and God. The capital “S” Son relates to a
“fictitious person” (Son) with an implied quasi corporate contract acquired in the
spirit of the law based on faith. There are no facts to back up John 3:13. Whereas,
there is facts in the sun of reality based upon the above named solstice, spelling,
and the history and meaning of the word “trophy”, in Greek, Latin, and French.
John 3: 5. Kingdom is one of those words that have a far different meaning than
most believe it to be.
Kingdom—dominion the estate (rule) or the country (realm). STRONG’S
Kingdom—a country where an officer called a “king” exercises the powers of
government whether the same be absolute or limited. BLD 5th ed. P. 782.
[underline emphasis added].
Comments: The Constitution of United States of America does not allow for a king.
If the American people are looking for a savior, to save themselves from
themselves, they are going to find one, in the form of a dictator under pure
communism.
Dominion—perfect control of right of ownership. BLD 5th ed.
Comments: You are the one who has the perfect right of control over your dominion
unless you become a volunteer to a third party in the spirit of the law.
Estate—The condition or circumstance in which the owner stands with regards to
his property. In this sense, “estate” is commonly used in conveyances in
connection with the words “right”, “title”, and “interest” and is, in a great degree
synonymous with all them. BLD 5th ed. P. 490.
Comments: You have the absolute right to ownership to personal, and real
property, under the strict letter and meaning of the law. As opposed to the spirit of
the law where your estate is in the hands of a third party and you as a fiduciary
trustee own the estate but have no control over that estate in regard the spirit of
the law.
Rule—an established standard. Precept attaching a definite detailed legal
consequence to a definite detailed state of facts. BLD 5th ed. P. 1195.
Comments: Capital letters verses lower case letters is a definite detailed state of
facts that you must pay attention to when reading the Bible and studying law.
Otherwise, your interpretations will give you false conclusions as pointed out in 28
USC Part I Chap. 5 sec. 88. Copy attached.
Realm—a kingdom; country. From BLD 2nd ed.
World. John 3:16, 17, 19.
World—Earth. Strong’s
World— Key 3625—Greek. fem. [femine] part. [pres. pass. [passive] of 3011 (as
noun, by impl. of 1093; land, i.e. the terrene part of the globe; spec. the Roman
empire: --earth, world.
Key 2889—prob. from the the base of 2865; orderly arrangment, i.e. declaration;
by impl. [implication] the world (in a wide or narrow sense, includ. Its inhab.,
lit. or fig. [mor.]:--adorning, world.
Key 1093 contr. From a prim. word; soil: by extens. A region, or the solid part or
the whole of the terrene globe (include. The occupants in each
application):, country, each (-ly), ground, land, world. The above keys from
STRONG’S. [bold emphasis added]
World—the term sometimes denotes all persons whatsoever who may have claim,
or acquire an interest in the subject matter; as in saying that a judgment in rem
binds (all the world). BLD 5th ed. P. 1490. [underline emphasis added].
In other words, if you have a vested interest in the public debt, (public debt is the
subject matter), you are a 14th amendment “person” “subject to” private
international law in the spirit world. Any judgment in rem (against the thing like a
fictitious person), can be enforced throughout the world.
Light. John 3: 19-21.
From the book TUTANKHAMUN PROPHECIES by Maurice Cotterell.
The adept becomes pure light. This means that man can become light and in so
doing becomes God. That Bruce Cathie’s figure for the speed of light suggests that
prophecies of the Maya, Egyptians and the Bible, in regard to 144,000 refer not to
those who have 144,000 written on their forehead, but instead to those who radiate
light (144,000) from their forehead. After all, the purified in all religions through
history are depicted radiating light from the head, halo-like.
Tutankhamun, the mystics of Tibet and India, and Bruce Cathie’s calculated value
for the speed of light subscribe to the notion that 144,000 are synonymous with
light. Bruce Cathie’s new calculations showed that the speed of light, as predicted
by Albert Einstein in his Theory of Relativity (300 million meters per second)
amounts to 144,000 minutes of arc per second (there are 60 minutes of arc in one
degree) and that speed would vary around this figure as light crossed grid
pathways that envelope the earth.(See the following books: Harmonic 33, Harmonic
695, The Pulse of the Universe, Harmonic 288, the Bridge to Infinity, Harmonic
371244 and The Harmonic Conquest of Space by Bruce L. Cathie.
Cathie’s figure of 144,000 minutes of arc equals 6.66 revolutions of the earth. This
simply means that light travels 6.66 revolutions of the earth in one second
(144,000) divided by 60 minutes divided by 360 (degrees) equals 6.66 revolutions.
All the above authorities on light prove their statements with mathematical formulas
in the law of reality.
Jesus speaking of the spirit in John 3:9 prompted Nicodemus to ask at:
John 3:9. “How can these things be?
John 3:10. Jesus answered, “Are you the teacher of Israel, and you do not know
these things?
John 3:11. “Most assuredly, I say to you, We speak what We know and testify what
We have seen, and you do not receive Our witness.
Notice that “We” is spelled with a capital “W”, but in John 3: 2 “we” the “w” is spelled
with a lower case letter. Here is another example of conflict of law of two different
law forums. Ancient Jewish law and the law of the New Testament in the Bible.
Ancient Jewish law would not recognize Christian law based upon what they seen
because there was no facts to support what they had seen, that faith did not satisfy
the Pharisees.
Should there be any further doubt about capital letters verses lower case letters as
noted in 28 USC Part I Chap. 5 sec. 88. Get a copy of a letter head from a
township, city, county, borough, state, or federal government. Look at the spelling.
You will find that those entity names begin with a capital letter, or in some cases all
capital letters. The original documents that created those entities, begin with a
lower case letters. Example, “freehold Township”. Has been transformed into
FREEHOLD TOWNSHIP, or Freehold Township, or Township of Freehold. Any of
the proceeding three names is a hoax and a fraud to the incorporated entities of
the nation in the law of reality. I have been saying for years that the oppression of
the spirit of the law is going to filter down to the smallest governmental subdivision.
If the people think that is a joke, they should get a copy of the law pertaining to “Soil
Erosion and Sediment” from their county commissioners office. That law is pure
communism as it directly controls the substance of the common law. That land is
reality and the environmental socialist has become the pure communist that was
their purpose all along the way. Yes, home grown communism right in your own
back yard promoted by the very people you voted for. Here is a perfect example of
putting faith in one hand and social/communist environmentalist in the other, then
see which one has the success. The facts are very clear as to who is the winner,
and why haven’t the people not been saved from the ruthless communist
state???? The truth of the matter is none of those commissioners have any power
of enforcement other than you volunteering. Neither of the other bureaucracies
have any power also. This is why most laws if not all laws; do not have the proper
enacting clauses because they are the product of an unincorporated association.
Said association formed under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 and the 14th amendment to the
Constitution of United States. That unincorporated association is comprised of
bankrupt “fictitious persons”, in the spirit of the law guided by faith that is not
grounded in facts, only illusions of their socialist minds, thus not considered a legal
entity or a sovereign people.10 See attached copy of FUMDAMENTALS OF
LEGAL RESEARCH. See also, footnote 18, at page 3. Remember reading in the
above, that people can release the choking of themselves any time they are ready.
The original documents that created those incorporated entities beginning with
lower case letters are hard to come by. The incorporated entities are a product of
Article IV Sec. 3 cl.1 to the Constitution of United States.
John 3:12. Quote omitted. Pertains to a conflict of law.
John 3:13. See above.
John 3:14. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the
Son of man is lifted.
John 3:15. That whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.
Eternal—the front of place (absol) absolute, the fore part rel. (relative) the east) or
time (antiquity); often used adv. (adverb) (before anciently, eastward);--a foretime,
ancient (time), before, east (end, part, side,--ward) external, x ever(--lasting),
forward, old, past. STRONG’S.
Comments: regarding John 3:14. The subject of Moses has been omitted as being
to lengthily. The sun of man is lifted in the east every morning. Regarding John 3:
15, Did you notice the capital letter in Him? There are no facts to define who Him is.
Is Him really a fictitious “person”? If so, that fictitious “person” will not perish but will
have eternal life in the spirit world of the mind of the unincorporated association.
As the facts appear, 3:15 has no relation to the sun in the sky. The capital “S” Son
in 3:14 relates to a “fictitious person” with an implied quasi-corporate contract. See
quasi contract at footnote 11.
The next word to flush out is perish.
Perish—implied to destroy or consume; specifically to covenant. Strong’s.
[underline emphasis added].
Perish—to come to an end; to cease. BLD 5th ed
Comments: An implied contract such as HJR 192 can be destroyed by the people
anytime they are ready. The alternative is to do nothing and the contract in the
spirit of the mind under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 and the 14th amendment with no
grounding will continue eternally.
John 3:16. For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that
whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.
Everlasting—prop (probably) concealed, i.e. the vanishing point; gen. (generally)
time out of mind (past or fut.) i.e. (practically) externity, freq. adv. (espec. With prep
pref) always.—always(s), ancient (time) anymore, continuance, eternal, (for, [n])
ever (--lasting, --more, of old), lasting, long (time) (of) old (tme), perpetual, at any
time, (beginning of time) world (+ without end). STRONG’S
Although Him is not included in 3:16 Him is included here along with He and His
contain no facts to identify the proper names, other than having capital letters, and
the fact that the mind invents a presumption as to who is He, His, and Him. Thus it
appears from the above facts, that God is used as a proper name. Notice in 3:21,
the word God is used in context with he and his with lower caption letters. Under
such circumstances, God is used as a proper name. When God is used along with
capital letter names such as He, His, and Him signifies god as a ”fictitious person”.
From the facts presented, that is the correct interpretation.
World. “sometimes denotes all “persons” whatsoever who may have claim, or
acquire an interest in the subject matter.” BLD 5th ed. P. 1490. [Underline
emphasis added]. The subject matter is the “fictitious person or persons” in the
unincorporated association under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2, and the 14th Amendment of
the Constitution of United States. See perish and Comments above.
John 3:17 For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but
that the world through Him might be saved.
Comments: As mentioned above, did you notice the capital letter in His? Then there
is the word Son. There are no facts to define who is His, but the facts have already
been established that the Son is in reality, God’s sun in the sky. As mentioned in 3:
16. Is He and His really fictitious “persons”? If so, does those “fictitious persons”
relate to an implied or quasi-corporate contract. See quasi contract at footnote 11.
There are no facts to define what world is being mentioned as there is different
worlds, and who is His? Continuing with 3:17. “through Him might be saved.”
Saved from what? It gives no facts concerning the word “saved”. The reality of the
word saved is to be saved from the law of reality in its letter and strict meaning and
interpretation under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.1; as opposed to the spirit and true meaning
under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 of the Constitution of United States.
Whereas, The spirit of the law under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2; and the 14th amendment
confers limited liability on “fictitious persons”, thus saving those persons from the
letter and strict meaning in the law of reality to live in the world of make believe and
to have faith with no grounding to the law of reality.
John 3:18 He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is
condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten
Son of God.
Comments: Again, there are no facts regarding who is He or Him. It has already
been established in facts who are He and Him. Here again is a conflict of law. Is He
or Him really “fictitious persons” as in a corporation or quasi corporation that
becomes a creation of the people in the spirit of the law? If a person establishes a
contract as a bankrupt with the unincorporated association, the association will not
condemn Him or He for that contract. But if a person does not believe in the Son of
God, i.e., spirit of the law; as opposed to the law of reality where the sun is the sun,
then there is a conflict of two different law forums that one does not recognize the
other.
John 3:19 And this is the condemnation, that the light has come into the world, and
men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds where evil.
Comments: Again there are no facts, just words that can mean anything that the
mind with its illusions invents as being the truth. The idea of the unincorporated
association is to keep men unenlightened so as to keep them in darkness. Light is
the reality of life; instead of corporate communism with its darkness in materialism
and the dictator that lies ahead.
John 3:20 For everyone practicing evil hates the light and does not come to the
light, lest his deeds should be exposed. See 3;19 Comments.
John 3:21 But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his deeds may be
clearly seen, that they have been done in God.
You ask why the symbolism? The government will not come forthright and tell you
you’re under admiralty-maritime law because public policy is not the law that applies
to everyone. You enter the law of your choice using your right to contract law
whether it is the law of admiralty-maritime or the common law of “the state”.
If you chose public policy, with its convenience and expediency, the answer lies in
what the court noted in DeLivio v. Boit 7 Fed. Case 418;* (l815) U.S. App. LEXIS
162,**; 1997 AMC 550; 2 Gall. 398, October 1815 Term. [**13] That commercial
convenience and necessity required the courts of England to proceed [not in the
courts of common law] but in admiralty-maritime to be governed by the rules and
forms of the civil law. Those admiralty-maritime rules and forms were established
[**111 [underline emphasis added]
In the charter of Massachusetts, in 1692, there is an express reservation of the
exclusive right in the crown to establish admiralty courts, by virtue of commissions
issued for this purpose. See, also, Colon. Acts 1668, 1672; Mass. Col. & Provo
Laws (Ed. 1814) p. 716.
According to Stoke’s History of Colonies (Chapter 4, p. 166), there is authority for
the governor, the latest being the governor of the royal province of New Hampshire
in Geo. III, “to take cognizance of, and proceed in, all causes civil and maritime, and
in complaints, contracts, offences or suspected offences, crimes, pleas, debts,
exchanges, accounts, charter parties, agreements, suits, trespasses, inquiries,
extortions, and demands, and business civil and maritime whatsoever,
commenced or to be commenced between merchants, … and merchants.” [See
Title 15 USC Trade and Commerce Chap. 41 Sec. 1602 (c,) (d), (e)] in part to wit:
(c) The term ''organization'' means a corporation, government or
governmental subdivision or agency, trust, estate, partnership, cooperative,
or association.
(d) The term ''person'' means a natural person or an organization.
(e) The term ''credit'' means the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer
payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment. [Bold emphasis added]
[“forgive our debts as we forgive our debtors”]
When engaged in commerce through the banking system, you are a merchant,
either as a debtor or creditor. Each has agreed not to demand payment from each
other.
Delivio v. Boit, further declares the jurisdiction to extend “throughout all and every
the seashores, public streams, ports, fresh waters, rivers, as well of the sea, as of
the rivers and coasts whatsoever of our said province, &c. In point of fact the vice
admiralty court of Massachusetts, before the Revolution, exercised a jurisdiction
far more extensive, than that of the admiralty in England. See, also, The Little Joe,
Stew. Vice Adm. 394.”
Have you ever wondered why Massachusetts is a leading state in socialism? The
law of the sea, admiralty-maritime does not deal with the realities of life such as the
family unit, morality, absolute ownership of land, and if you think you own your land
then why are you discharging taxes on that land??? Why is the Deed written with
your name in all CAPITAL letters??? The reason in fact and in law you own it, but
you do not have control over the land. The land exists in reality under Article IV
Section 3 cl.1 to the Constitution of United States; and you as a fictitious person
exist in the spirit of the law subject to Article IV Section 3 cl.2; the 11th and 14th
amendments as a fiduciary trustee. The same can be said of all your personal
property also.
Instead, we have privileges and immunities, communal living on a ship such as
spaceship earth, seas that are constantly in motion just like the debt/credit system,
police cars called cruisers, policies of insurance instead of insurance policies, high
seas and highways, six man (person) jury, commissioners etc, the admiralty-
maritime nomenclature is everywhere.
Continuing with Delivio v. Boit, Mr. Justice Winchester (speaking with reference to
contracts) has very correctly [**113] observed, that “neither the judicial act nor the
constitution, which it follows, limit the admiralty jurisdiction of the district court in any
respect to place. It is bounded only by the nature of the cause, over which it is to
decide.” Stevens v. The Sandwich [Sandwich is the name of a ship] [Case No.
13,409]. “The language of the constitution will therefore warrant the most liberal
interpretation; and it may not be unfit to hold, that it had reference to that maritime
jurisdiction, which commercial convenience, public policy, and national
rights, have contributed to establish, with slight local differences, over all Europe.”
Underline bold emphasis added]. [**6] “that every contract between merchant and
merchant or within the flood mark shall be tried before the admiralty and not
elsewhere.” [footnotes omitted] [Underline emphasis added] The court further
acknowledged [**36] that “things not in their own nature maritime, such as a
contract for payment of money”11 … Last but not least, [**118-119] “what are
properly to be deemed ‘maritime contracts’ … contracts and quasi contracts
respecting contributions … and; policies of insurance.”12 [Bold emphasis
added]. The DeLivio case was rendered under (j)udical (P)ower of Article III Sec. 2
cl.1 in the admiralty-maritime law of reality based upon bilateral contracts when
there was a meeting of the minds with no silent third parties such as the
government.
To the contrary; in the spirit world of make believe, we have one sided unilateral
contracts involving admiralty-maritime that are enforced; not under (j)udical (P)ower
of Article III; but rather (J)udical (p)ower of Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2; 11th and 14th
amendments where the government becomes the third party through Title 12 USC
95(a), Title 15 USC Chap. 41 Sec.1602, (c), (d), (e).
With the above in mind, one can see the results of HJR 192 in that there is no
money, no payment of debt and no separation of powers doctrine. Instead the
nation has in the ‘spirit of” make believe under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.2, that combined
the civil law with its privileges and immunities under admiralty-maritime along with
private international law and the common law as noted in Delivio v. Boit. The
province of Massachusetts (before the Revolution), combined the admiralty-
maritime civil law with the common law to create a state of “subjects” for the King of
England. After the Revolution, with the signing of the “Declaration of
Independence” and the drafting of the Constitution with its Article I Section 10 in
“Payment of Debt”, the province of Massachusetts became “the state” of
Massachusetts that separated the common law from the civil law of admiralty-
maritime. This separation of the different law forums created what is known as the
“Conflict of Laws” doctrine. See attached copy of Conflict of Law by AE Antone.
See also Conflict of Laws in the Bible under Ezekiel, in the Old Testament; and
Matthew, Mark, John and Luke in the new testament discussed on the next page at
33.
HJR 192 transformed “the state”(s) of the Union under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.1, with its
separation of powers doctrine to “this state”(s) of federated states under Article IV
Sec. 3. cl.2 that has no separation of powers doctrine. In other words, HJR 192
nullified the Revolution, not to the extent that the people are governed by a King;
but to the extent the people are now governed by quasi corporate privileges and
immunities that greased the rails for the socialist state through contributions. Said
contributions became public policy under the new contract/proclamation/testament
for the sake of commercial convenience and national rights.
Public policy decided that hard coin in payment of debt was an inconvenience that
restricted the production and shipment of goods in commerce because there had to
be a shipment of the hard coin from place to place. Additionally, you cannot create
multiples from that hard coin, otherwise the coin is not what it declares to be worth.
It was what it represented to be. “Payment” of debt meant the courts must construe
the Constitution under the letter and strict meaning of the Constitution under Article
IV Sec. 3 cl.1; As opposed to today’s spirit world of HJR 192 and public policies new
contract/proclamation/testament. There is no transfer of wealth, (gold or silver),
only electronic markers stored in a banks computer system for the sake of
commercial convenience under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.2. See Title 15 USC Chap. 41
Sec.1602 (c), (d), (e), Title 12 USC 95a. In fact there is no gold and silver backing
in the Federal Reserve Banks. HJR 192 gave the public a fiat money system13
based upon faith. If you believe most politicians can be trusted with faith, then you
do believe in the tooth fairy. But then the people prefer to make gods out of
warped Hollywood types, greedy sports players, greedy corporate executives and
the list goes on, that is concentrating the wealth in the hands of the few. See Alan
Greenspan’s book “The Age of Turbulence”.
Regarding Conflict of Laws mentioned on the previous page, it appears that the
ancient law forum was not only followed under Admiralty-maritime but also in land
bound areas as evidenced in the Old Testament in Ezekiel; and the new testament
under Matthew, Mark, and Luke in the New Revised Edition of the King James
version of the Bible, Nelson Publishers. Matthew 19:24 says it is easier for a camel
to go through the eye of the needle than a rich man to enter the kingdom heaven.
The question becomes, does that statement represent a conflict of law regarding
reality in the law and; spirit of the law or both?
Is the eye of the needle as noted in Matthew 19:24 referring to the fact that certain
market places were just that, a place where people took their goods and services
for buying, selling, and trading using hard coin in every transaction. This was the
law of reality under the Old Testament. Was the Old Testament the forerunner to
Article I Section 10, Article IV Section 3 cl.1 to the Constitution to the United
States???. As commerce started to expand, there became a need for larger market
places, thus was born the large commercial trading centers? What separated
these commercial trading centers from the general market places was the fact they
were gated centers that only allowed within that center, to the exclusion of the
general population, merchant traders that took a oath that their word was as “good
as gold”. That oath was based upon the fact that the merchants deposited hard
coin with a third party who was a member of the center that settled all accounts at
the end of the day. These merchants could then buy, sell, and trade without the
use of hard coin being involved in every transaction within that gated center, thus
speeding up the commercial trading process to become the forerunners to today’s
debt/credit system. These commercial trading centers become known as the lex
merchantoria or law merchant that is reflected in today’s Uniform Commercial
Code. The eye of the needle was the shape of the gates to allow passage of the
merchants and their camels with its cargo and high profile in and out of the
commercial centers. The eye of the needle is also a very strong and stable
structure that represented the strength of the commercial centers.
The next time you pass a courthouse, especially the older ones, take notice of the
shape of the windows and doorways. Do you see the eye of the needle? The
ancient common law in England never recognized the commercial law until the year
1707. See attached copy of Conflict of Law by A.E.Antone. In order to announce
that the common law would now adjudicate commercial disputes within its walls, the
eye of the needle is displayed in its windows and doorways.
The question is, was those gated centers the forerunner to Article IV Section 3 cl.2
of the Constitution of the United States??? With the evidence of the courthouse
windows and doorways, and the numerous law journal articles that discuss Conflict
of Law, the answer is in the affirmative.
7 The gift tax statutes of 1939 were passed after Erie RR v. Tompkins in 1938.
Intangible means, there is no record that you owe the tax, only a presumption.
The intangible is the debt res (or object) that the courts construct a trust upon.
In trust refers to a constructive or implied trust.
Indirect refers to the fact that there is no direct evidence, such as a bilateral
contract or a physical privilege or franchise issued out of the secretary of state’s
office.
Real and personal property is referring to what is gifted to the trust.
8 ILLEGAL ALIENS
One thing that must be keep in mind about a public trust is the trust must keep
expanding or the trust will collapse.
In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s we faced the problem of not having enough gold
to meet future delivery demands.
Today we are facing the added pressures of the retiring baby boomer generation
which means less performers to fill the private contracts the boomers made for
future delivery of goods and services for themselves. In a debt/credit system there
is no money in a lock box only human performances to fulfill the needs of the future
non-performers. The same applies to Social Security. In order to solve this
problem, the powers that be bring in illegal aliens so the debt/credit system can
monetize them as “persons” “subject to” the 14th amendment. In other words, once
the government acquires the aliens signature on a U.S. government document, the
government acting under Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 of the Constitution of U.S. will restate
the aliens signature name to all CAPITAL letters. At that point in time that alien will
be given a Social Security account number and that account number (Social
Security number) will be monetized through the Federal Reserve System in a
debt/credit account and that “person” is no longer an alien. In other words, he or
she becomes CAPITAL in the debt/credit system under Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 with
quasi corporate privileges and immunities. If the government can monetize enough
aliens it will ease the future contract obligations and Social Security benefits for the
future non-producers. Otherwise, to do nothing could result in the future retires
receiving nothing should the debt/credit system collapse not to mention the
government has intervened with your right to contract for such services.
The difference between liberals and conservatives is liberal politicians believe in
liberal policies that accelerate the rate of credit hand outs therefore, there has to
be more performers (CAPITAL) brought into the debt credit system. Whereas,
conservative politicians believe in a slower more conservative policy of spending
the credits of the association. Either way, the CAPITAL will come from the citizens
of United States, illegal aliens or foreign investors through the World Bank that the
Federal Reserve System is a member. With zero growth in paradise under Marxism
that means there has to be open borders to bring in illegal aliens so they can be
converted into CAPITAL to keep the association from collapsing.
It is my firm belief that the reason why corporations are leaving United States is the
fact that the U.S. citizen is so encumbered with debt, that he or she can no longer
be considered CAPITAL to the corporation. The corporations need assets in order
to borrow credit as operating CAPITAL. Foreign countries offer unencumbered
human resources.
The question becomes how much oppression and loss of Constitutional rights
including the first 10 amendment liberties are the members of the association willing
to tolerate and pass on to their offspring??? This is particularly true of giant
corporations such as the auto industry. There is going to be a heavy price to pay
for members of the association for such policies. Politicians can only steal from the
producers and give to the non producers and in the process they become rich and
powerful and in return the masses worship them as their god and we wonder why
we have the massive catastrophic problems we have in this country.
Consider your name. It consists of one or more Christian or given names and a
family name (patronymic). If you are baptized look at the record and you will see the
proper spelling of your name. In the state of "We the People" your name would be
spelled with a capital letter followed by lower case letters. This would apply to your
first, middle and
last name. A description or abbreviation is not the equivalent of a name.
Fictitious name. A counterfeit, alias, feigned, or pretended name taken by a person,
differing in some essential particular from his true name (consisting of Christian
name and patronymic), with the implication that it is meant to deceive or mislead.
Counterfeit. To forge to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with a view to
deceive or defraud. From Black’s Law Dict. 5th ed.
You now know the correct spelling of your name and also that any alteration is a
fictitious name meant to deceive or mislead. When your name is spelled with
abbreviations or differing in some essential particular such as being spelled with all
capital letters it is a fictitious name.
Why does your name appear in all CAPITAL letters on all your legal documents?
Look at your drivers license, deed, certificates, marriage license etc. When you are
summoned into court for whatever reason look at how they spell your name, check
the property tax bill for your property. The CAPITAL letters signifies you are a
fiduciary trustee of all your property.
U.S. Congressman, James Trafficant from Ohio stated United States is going
through the biggest bankruptcy and reorganization in its history. He is the only
public figure to make that statement to the public along with other public statements
that prompted the federal government to prosecute and convict Trafficant with
criminal charges.
To illustrate a bankruptcy in simple terms, a point in fact. A private person declares
bankruptcy. A bankruptcy judge is appointed to handle the case. The judge then
appoints a trustee who will manage that person estate. At that point in time, that
person has lost control over his estate. He still owns the estate but has lost control
over the estate. That person’s financial affairs are in a state of reorganization
along with his freedoms. There is now a third party to his life during the bankruptcy.
In a public bankruptcy as expressed by the United States in 1933, Congress under
Article IV Section 3 cl.2 of the U.S. Constitution is appointed trustee in the
reorganization of the U.S. The bankruptcy and reorganization applies only to
those individuals who have volunteered to that jurisdiction under Article IV Section 3
cl.2; 11th and 14th Amendments. The evidence that you volunteered is your name
spelled in all CAPITAL letters on any legal or taxing documents. A point in fact and
in law. See Title 28 United States Code Part I Chapter 5 Sec. 88. Copy attached.
Note the capital letter spelling of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to
“district court of Untied States for the District of Columbia”. Then the Court of
Appeals of the District of Columbia on one hand and the district courts of United
States and the court of appeals on the other. What you are seeing is the result of
the bankruptcy in 1933 and the resulting change in the court system as spelled out
in the O’Donoghue case. The original capital letter courts have been set aside, but
not abolished, in favor of lower case letter courts. Proof that there is a big
difference between documents spelled with capital letters verses lower case letters.
The capital letter personal name today can also be used in the context of
strawman, res, resident, quasi in rem, quasi corporate privilege, and as “other
property”. Before 1933, there were very few people of the United States who had
any contact with the federal government, therefore there was no need for the
United States Supreme Court that we have today.
Strawman as a fictitious person, specifically one that is weak or flawed. . .
.. A third party used in some transactions as a temporary transferee to allow the
principal to accomplish something that is otherwise impossible. Compare with
Dummy. From Blacks Law Dict. 8th edition at p. 1461. [Bold underline emphasis
added].
Now you know how and why the government from the lowest municipality, township,
city, county, state, and the feds runs your life and why the courts rule like they do
even down to requiring you to wear seat belts. After all the government has a
vested interest in you in social security, Medicare, Medicaid that you volunteered
into.
9 From Title 48 Code of Federal Regulations. Credit is given to Gene Keating for
his work on this subject.
10 Sovereign—A person, body, or state in which independent and supreme
authority is vested; a chief ruler with supreme power; a king or other with limited
power. BLD 5th ed. P. 1252. There are those persons who say there is only one
King and that is the King in heaven. With that admission in the spirit of the law, is
that not volunteering to give up your sovereignty for a lesser station in life?
11 That is a common law contract exclusive of silent third parties and the civil law in
admiralty-maritime jurisdiction.
12 Contribution. In the civil law, a partition by which the creditors of an
insolvent debtor divide among themselves the proceeds of his property
proportionally to the amount of their respective credits. Division which is made
among the heirs of the succession of the debts with which the succession is
charged, according to the proportion which each is bound to bear. Underline
emphasis added.
Quasi contract. An obligation which law creates in absence of agreement; it is
invoked by courts where there is unjust enrichment. Andrews v. O'Grady, 44 Misc.
2d 28, 252 N.Y.S.2d 814, 817. Function of "quasi contract" is to raise obligation in
law where in fact the parties made no promise, and it is not based on apparent
intention of the parties. Fink v. Goodson Todman Enterprises, Limited, 9 C.A.3d
996, 88 Cal. Rptr, 679, 690. See also Contract. Black’s Law Dict. 5th ed
In the civil law, a contractual relation arising out of transactions between the parties
which give them mutual rights and obligations, but do not involve a specific and
express convention or agreement between them. The lawful and purely voluntary
acts of a man, from which there results any obligation whatever to a third person,
and sometimes a reciprocal obligation between the parties. Civ.Code La. art. 2293.
Black’s Law Dict. 5th Ed. p. 293.
FICA, Federal Insurance Contributions Act is Social Security that is a policy of
insurance under the civil law of admiralty-maritime law.
13 A few years ago, Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve
System testified before a Congressional hearing, that even a fiat money system
should be treated as though it was backed by gold. See also Alen Greenspan’s
book , “The Age of Turbulence.”
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May 1, 2009
Article Index
ARE YOU SUBJECT TO ©
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Part V
Part 3 of 5
INCOME TAXES
According to Black’s Law Dict. 5th Ed. p. 688 “an income tax is a tax on the yearly
profits arising from property, business pursuits, professions, trades or offices. A tax
on a person’s income, profits, and the like, or the excess thereof over a certain
amount.”
Today’s tax laws although called income taxes among individuals can be divided
into:
1. Gift taxes—They are what they are.
2. Custom or Duty taxes—based on expediency and convenience.
3. Taxes on profits from stocks and bonds and interest on saving accounts.
4. Privilege, immunity, or franchise taxes—based on intangibles such as limited
liability for the privilege of debt or tangibles such as corporate charters.
5. Estate tax or death tax based upon No. 4.
WHAM O !!!! a progressive or graduated income tax right out of Karl Marx and Fred
Engel’s communist manifesto.
We will deal with the most important tax first and that is the Social Security or gift
tax. As mentioned earlier, since 1933 by public policy you are considered insolvent
or bankrupt therefore, you have a privilege of not being able to “Pay” your debts.
You must bear in mind that HJR 192 only states that it is against public policy to
demand payment. It does not say to whom the debt applies, it only implies or there
is a presumption that you owe the debt subject to private international law and its
unilateral consequences. An example is government forms. There is nothing on
those forms that tell you what you are signing. It does not say it’s a contract, it
does not say what the terms are, who is responsible for what or where the contract
is to take place. Nobody but you signs the form or forms. There is no consideration
or use mentioned therefore, being said form or forms are only signed by you it is
presumed by the government that you intended to create a “third party recognizes
or charitable subscription or debt acknowledgement.
When someone gives a gift to the government, and there is no terms or conditions,
the charitable thing to do, is give a gift in return, thus the government creates the
social security trust (unincorporated association) is born. Under federal law when
you make a gift, you have to fill out the forms (1040) and pay the taxes on that gift
to wit:
CHAPTER 4—Gift TAxes page 144
Volume 53 Part I United States Statutes at Large (1939)
Sec. 1000. Imposition of Tax
(a) For the calendar year 1940 and each calendar year thereafter a tax, computed
as provided in section 1001, shall be imposed upon the transfer during such
calendar year by any individual, resident or non-resident, of property by gift. Gift
taxes for the calendar years 1932-1939, inclusive, shall not be affected by the
provisions of this chapter, but shall remain subject to the applicable provisions of
the Revenue Act of 1932, except as such provisions are modified by legislation
enacted subsequent to the Revenue Act of 1932.
(b) The tax shall apply whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the
gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or
intangible; but in the case of a non-resident not a citizen of the United States, shall
apply to a transfer only if the property is situated within the United States.7
[Bold emphasis added]
Sec. 1005 GIFTS MADE IN PROPERTY
If the gift is made in property, the value thereof at the date of the gift shall be
considered the amount of the gift.
Sec. 1006. RETURNS
(a) REQUIREMENT.—Any individual who within the calendar year 1940 or any
calendar year thereafter makes transfers by gift (except those which under section
1003 are not to be included in the total amount of gifts for such year) shall make a
return under oath in duplicate. The return shall set forth (1) each gift made during
the calendar year which under section 1003 is to be included in computing net gifts;
(2) the deductions claimed and allowable under section 1004; (3) the net gifts for
each of the preceding calendar years; and (4) such further information as may be
required by regulations made pursuant to law.
Sec. 1007 records and special returns
1. By Donor.—Every person liable to any tax imposed by this chapter or for the
collection thereof, shall keep such records, render under oath such statements,
make such returns, and comply with such rules and regulations, as the
Commissioner, with the approval of Secretary, may from time to time prescribe.
[§§568-570] from Gilbert’s Law of Outlining by Emanuel (1999) See also West
Nutshell Series on contracts.
§ 163. Intended Beneficiaries in Special Situations: Government Contracts and
Assumption of Secured Indebtedness.
Third party beneficiaries can be found to have acquired enforceable rights in
situations in which the presence of third party interests is not readily apparent.
Anytime a contract will have the effect of producing a direct benefit for
certain individuals or for a class of people, it is necessary to analyze the
§ 163 THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES 351
question whether the promisee intended that these persons have enforceable
rights.
There are many types of contracts that are made between government
agencies and private parties or other governmental units for the primary
purpose of benefiting a class of citizens.
From Emanueal Law Outlines: Contracts, 1993-94 edition, p. 112
Now can the Service/government collect when you sign a Wage
Withholding Certificate and give it to the employer even though the
Service/government is not a party to the agreement between you and
your employer to withhold? This area of contract law is called “third
party beneficiaries” and the answer is yes: [Bold underline emphasis
added]
Emanueal, supra, at 324.
The third party beneficiary chapter goes on to show how the common law rule was
that a third party beneficiary could not recover on the contract, but that this rule
has been generally abrogated if one is the intended beneficiary.
Enrolled. The registering or entering on the rolls of the chancery, kings bench,
common pleas, or exchequer, to the clerk of the peace in the records of the quarter
sessions of any lawful act; as a recognizance, a deed of bargain and sale, and the
like. Jacob Law Dictionary.
“NUL TIEL RECORD. No such record. A plea denying the existence of any such
record as that alleged by the plaintiff. It is the genera1 plea in an action of debt on
a judgment, Hoffheimer v. Stiefel, 17 Misc. 236, 39 N.Y.S. 714; Watters v. Freeman
Bros., 16 Ga.App. 595, 85 S.E. 931. Judgment of nul tiel record occurs when some
pleading denies the existence of a record and issue is joined thereon; the record
being produced is compared by the court with the statement in the pleading which
alleges it; and if they correspond, the party asserting its existence obtains
judgment; if they do not correspond, the other party obtains judgment of nul tiel
record (no such record).” Black’s Law Dict. 4th ed.
From Gilberts Law § 52 Contracts
“Cases decided under English common law as well as early American cases denied
enforcement by third parties because they were persons “from whom no
consideration flowed” or because there was no “mutuality of obligation.” However,
with the general recognition in the United States of enforceable rights in third party
beneficiaries, the notion that the plaintiff had to incur some legal detriment as part
of the bargained ex-change has been rejected”.
Notice it does not say the common law of “the” state instead it uses the term United
States. See federal common law in D'Oench, Duhme & Co., Inc. v. Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation 315 U.S. 447 supra. In other words, a bona fide debt must
be enrolled and to be enrolled it must be certified that the debt is owed. This is the
rule of the common law; but we are not dealing in the common law of “the” state of
Article IV Section 3 cl.1 or Article I Section 10.
To the contrary, you as a “person” have “other Property” in “a” state or territory
that has not been incorporated into the “Union of states”. That is to say, you have
a debt res or treated as a “fictitious person” in a inchoate or one of the federated
(incomplete) states or states that have no boarders.
Therefore a resident under Article IV Section 3 cl.2 that is under private
international law. Any of those above classifications are “other property” that the
government has jurisdiction over. See O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 US 516,
537 (1933). See also 28 USC Part I Chapt.5 sec 88. See attached copy.
The presumption of a trust for the grantor on a voluntary conveyance has
changed to a presumption of a gift to the grantee, where no consideration
or use is mentioned. According to current thought, if a grantor expects a
trust for him or others he will state it in the deed, and if he does not do so,
the natural inference is that he desired to make a gift. Collins v. Collins, 52 P.
2d 1169; Todd v. Todd, 92 N.W.2d 415; Fooshee v. Kasenberg, 102 P 2d 995;
Hojnacki v. Hojnacki, 275 N.W. 659; Niemaseck v. Beruett Holding Co., 4 A.2d 794 ;
Marston v. Myers, 342 P.2d 1111. LAW OF TRUSTS, 5th ed. by Bogart at p. 265
(1973). [Bold emphasis added].
A charitable trust is a trust the performance of which will, in the court of chancery,
[equity] accomplishes a substantial amount of social benefit to the public or
some reasonable large class thereof. It is immaterial that the settlor had
personal motives in creating the trust, if the trust has charitable effects, but the
purpose must not include profit-making by the settlor, trustees or others. See,
Restatement, Restitution § 160, Restatement Trusts, Second 1e. [Bold emphasis
added].
A charitable trust is frequently called a public trust. Appeal of Eliot, 51 A. 558.
“A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied
consistently with existing laws, [under Art IV Sec 3 c. 2] for the benefit of an
indefinite number of persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts
under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from
disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish
themselves in life, or by erecting and maintaining public buildings or
works, or otherwise lessening the burdens of government.” [that is under
Art IV Sec. 3 cl. 2. The Government under Article IV Sec. 3. cl. 1 has not the power
to receive a gift in trust] The gift tax statutes of 1939 were passed after Erie RR v.
Tompkins 304 US 64 in 1938.
"A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied
consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of
persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of
education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or
constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting
and maintaining public buildings or works, or otherwise lessening the
burdens of government." Gray, J., in Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen, Mass., 539,
556. See Restatement, Trusts, Second, § 368
(What Purposes Are Charitable). “It [a charitable trust] includes everything that is
within the letter and spirit of the Statute of Elizabeth, considering such spirit to be
broad enough to include whatever will promote, in a legitimate way, the comfort,
happiness, and improvement of an indefinite number of persons.” Harrington
v. Pier, 82 N.W. 345, 50 L.R.A. 307, 76 Am.St.Rep. 924. [Bold emphasis added]
Notice that the Statute of Elizabeth (1552-1602), included both the letter and spirit
of the law. It is my belief that the Statute of Elizabeth was the main reason for
Article IV sec. 3 cl.1 and Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 and the separation of powers doctrine
of Articles I, II, III. Remember, the Government under Article IV sec. 3 cl.1 has no
authority to establish a charitable trust but the government under Article IV Article 3
sec. cl.2 does have that authority to receive a gift from you, either by implied or
written consent. “The word 'charity,' as used in law, has a broader meaning
and includes substantially any scheme or effort to better the condition of
society or any considerable part thereof. It has been well said that any gift
not inconsistent with existing laws, which is promotive of science or tends
to the education, enlightening, benefit, or amelioration of the condition of
mankind or the diffusion of useful knowledge, or is for the public
convenience, is a charity.” 8 Wilson v. First Nat. First National Bank of
Independence 145 N. W. 948 952, Ann.Cas.1916D, 481. LAW OF TRUSTS by
Bogart, 1973 p. 200. [Bold emphasis added]
In a Washington case a gift to propagate socialism was sustained as a valid
charity. Peth v. Spear, 115 P. 164. LAW OF TRUSTS, 5th ed. by Bogart at p. 237
(1973). [Bold emphasis added].
The United States Government may be the trustee of a charitable trust.” Russell v.
Allen, 107 U.S. 163, and further; “The United States or a state has capacity to take
and hold property upon a charitable trust.
Admiralty-Maritime—THE LETTER AND STRICT MEANING or the SPIRIT AND
TRUE MEANING UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
There is another pitfall to all of this. As mentioned above, when you give a gift, the
charitable thing to do is give a gift in return, the return gift is Social Security. With
no separation of powers, the law of the sea under admiralty-maritime comes inland;
not under the letter and strict meaning; but rather the spirit and true meaning of the
U.S. Constitution that is reflected in each state’s offices where Birth Certificates are
issued. Here in Pennsylvania said office is titled Office of Vital Statistics located in
New Castle, Pa., north of Pittsburgh. This author has visited said office several
times and discovered that the corner of the Vital Statistics building‘s foundation is
imbedded in a creek bed, with running water, with a high water mark located about
10 feet up on the building. Inside the building there are displays of 100 and 500
year flood plain maps. This author has visited approximately thirty-five different
states’ buildings that issue Birth Certificates and has found that every one of them
had high water markers of some kind on or immediately near the buildings. You can
be rest assured that the birth records in that building are below the high water mark.
Spirit of the law—the general meaning and purpose of the law as opposed to its
literal content. Compare letter of the law. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 1437.
The general meaning and purpose is public policies unincorporated association in
bankruptcy. Its members considered specifically by the law as weak or flawed for
allowing bankruptcy followed by socialism then communism. . Public policy is not
grounded in the letter of the law; the letter of the law is damned. Instead there is the
spirit of the mind of everybody’s illusions of the way they think things are; or the
way they think should things should be; none of which is grounded in the law. Alan
Greenspan tried to ground public policy when he stated we must treat a fiat money
system as though it was anchored in gold.. So much for Greenspan’s grounding
policy, thanks to greedy and power hungry politicians.
Letter of the law—the strictly literal meaning of the law, rather than the intention
policy behind it. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 924.
The intended policy is public policies unincorporated association in bankruptcy. Its
members ushering in socialism to be followed by communism.
When your parents signed your birth certificate, they created a legal fiction called a
strawman (see footnote above). In other words, you are dead in the Law of reality,
with its letter and strict meaning, to be reborn as a legal fiction in the spirit of the
law as a 14th amendment “person” with no sovereignty under the Constitution of U.
S.
The birth certificate is first registered with the bureau of vital statistics. Your name
being spelled with all capital letters that makes you the fiduciary trustee of the
Social Security account. The government then resisters the birth certificate with the
U.S. Department of Commerce where the birth certificate becomes commercial
paper or a negotiable instrument. At that point in time, that commercial instrument
can be claimed by anyone, yes even your parents. The commercial interests lay
claim to the instrument. The birth certificate is then treated as an investment
security. All the social security numbers are registered at the state level then to
Department of Commerce at federal level, then to the Depository Trust Corporation
at 55 Water Street in New York City. The certificate becomes subject to the
“Committee On Uniform Identification Processes” that is a trademark of “Standard
and Poors”, is located on the bottom floor of the DTC building at Water Street in
Washington D.C. 9
Paper—A negotiable document or instrument evidencing a debt especially
commercial documents or negotiable instruments considered as a group. Black’s
Law Dict. 8th ed. [underline bold emphasis added]. See HJR 192 and Erie RR v.
Tompkins 304 US 64. (1938).
When you turn 18 years of age, you have the right to disclaim that social security
number, without a legal battle, but in the mean time, before you file the disclaimer
when you turn 18, if you sign any W-4, W-2, 1040, 1099, government loan forms, or
any such forms whereby you use the public debt for your personal benefit, you
become “Subject to” the 14th Amendment and its spirit of the law.
With the above in mind, are we not walking on water in the spirit and true meaning
of the Constitution as determined by Congress under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2.
With all the facts concerning the birth certificate, it is safe to say that we are born of
water in the spirit of the law.
THE BIBLE AND THE LAW IN RELATION TO THE CONSTITUTION OF UNITED
STATES
People read words that have no idea of the true meaning of those words. A person
cannot take the written word of someone unless it is backed up with facts. Idle
words are one thing. Describing the law or an event that has important implications
is a different story. It is this author’s firm belief, after researching and putting
together this document of all the numerous facts that much of the Bible is a history
of the law. Take John 3: 1 thru 21. For example, verse 5. “Unless one is born of
water and the spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God”. The key words are “born
of water”, “spirit”, and “kingdom”. Take “born of water” is just words without any
meaning that are not based upon any facts. We could jump to conclusions and say
just about anything, based upon our interpretation or illusions or somebody else’s
interpretation or illusions.
The following definitions are taken from Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance (1890)
noted as (STRONG’S) or BLD, (Black’s Law Dictionary). Hebrew in chaldee
John 3:5, 6, 8.
Spirit—Wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible or even violent) exhalation;
fig. Life, anger, unsubstantially; by extens. A region of the sky; by resemblance
spirit, but only of a rational being (include. Its expression and functions); - air,
anger, blast, breath, x cool, courage, mind x quarter, x side, spirit ( [ - ual] ),
tempest, x vain, ( [whirl - ] ) wind ( - y - ). Strong’s.
Spirit . . . “To aspire, however, was first breath upon (much the same as
inspire, inspiration, q.v.) then to breath toward, seek to reach, from L. ad to +
spirare, spirat—to breathe—whence also the spirit L. spiritus, originally the breath
of life or animating principal in each of us. The various meanings of spirit follow
from this, as the evil spirit that direct a person, the spirits summed by a spiritualist.
Hence also the use as the basic principal or essence of anything; as the four spirits
of the medieval alchemists.” From DICTIONARY OF WORD ORIGINS (Word
Origins) by Joseph T. Shipley (1945) p. 365.
Spirit is something that has no physical presence or form, therefore the law has a
way of dealing with spirit as evidenced in the 11th and 14th amendments; Article IV
Sec. 3 cl.2 and the separation of powers doctrine along with the Conflict of Laws.
Otherwise, people could commit murder without being punished because the spirit
would be a total power to itself. With the above definitions of the spirit of the law, it
becomes very confusing to the mind. An example is the government. With no
grounding to the law of reality we are witnessing the result of the spirit of the law
with the turmoil in our state and federal governments. The people want somebody,
real or imagined, to solve their problems. Of course that becomes oblivious being
they are weak or flawed as in enjoying a quasi corporate privilege in limited liability.
Spirit. See trophy. This is not a mistake. Word for word, this is how the definition of
the word “spirit” starts from DICTIONARY OF WORD ORIGINS (Word Origins) by
Joseph T. Shipley (1945) p. 365.
Trophy. “A trophy was originally a monument erected where an enemy was turned
back. Gr. (Greek) trepein, to turn whence trope, putting to flight, whence L. (Latin)
trophaeum, whence Fr. (French) tropee. As solders carried home mementos taken
from the stricken foe, the term enlarged its meaning.
A trope, figure of speech, is a turning of a word from its literal sense. The tropic
region is that in which the sun turns after the solstice (L. solstitium, from sol, sun +
sistere, to stand).” (Word Origins) p. 365.
As noted above: Spirit of the law—the general meaning and purpose of the law as
opposed to its literal content. Compare letter of the law. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P.
1437.
Letter of the law—the strictly literal meaning of the law, rather than the intention
policy behind it. Black’s Law Dict. 8th ed. P. 924.
The question becomes, has the sun in the sky been turned from its literal sense in
the world of reality into the spirit of the law to create the Son of man??? As noted
in John 3: 13 to wit:
”No one has ascended to heaven but He who came down from heaven, that is, the
Son of Man who is in heaven.”
Comments: It’s quite a surprise to discover that the word spirit originated from
trophy. It appears that literally speaking from the law of reality where mathematics
rule, the sun in the heavens is light, life, and God. The capital “S” Son relates to a
“fictitious person” (Son) with an implied quasi corporate contract acquired in the
spirit of the law based on faith. There are no facts to back up John 3:13. Whereas,
there is facts in the sun of reality based upon the above named solstice, spelling,
and the history and meaning of the word “trophy”, in Greek, Latin, and French.
John 3: 5. Kingdom is one of those words that have a far different meaning than
most believe it to be.
Kingdom—dominion the estate (rule) or the country (realm). STRONG’S
Kingdom—a country where an officer called a “king” exercises the powers of
government whether the same be absolute or limited. BLD 5th ed. P. 782.
[underline emphasis added].
Comments: The Constitution of United States of America does not allow for a king.
If the American people are looking for a savior, to save themselves from
themselves, they are going to find one, in the form of a dictator under pure
communism.
Dominion—perfect control of right of ownership. BLD 5th ed.
Comments: You are the one who has the perfect right of control over your dominion
unless you become a volunteer to a third party in the spirit of the law.
Estate—The condition or circumstance in which the owner stands with regards to
his property. In this sense, “estate” is commonly used in conveyances in
connection with the words “right”, “title”, and “interest” and is, in a great degree
synonymous with all them. BLD 5th ed. P. 490.
Comments: You have the absolute right to ownership to personal, and real
property, under the strict letter and meaning of the law. As opposed to the spirit of
the law where your estate is in the hands of a third party and you as a fiduciary
trustee own the estate but have no control over that estate in regard the spirit of
the law.
Rule—an established standard. Precept attaching a definite detailed legal
consequence to a definite detailed state of facts. BLD 5th ed. P. 1195.
Comments: Capital letters verses lower case letters is a definite detailed state of
facts that you must pay attention to when reading the Bible and studying law.
Otherwise, your interpretations will give you false conclusions as pointed out in 28
USC Part I Chap. 5 sec. 88. Copy attached.
Realm—a kingdom; country. From BLD 2nd ed.
World. John 3:16, 17, 19.
World—Earth. Strong’s
World— Key 3625—Greek. fem. [femine] part. [pres. pass. [passive] of 3011 (as
noun, by impl. of 1093; land, i.e. the terrene part of the globe; spec. the Roman
empire: --earth, world.
Key 2889—prob. from the the base of 2865; orderly arrangment, i.e. declaration;
by impl. [implication] the world (in a wide or narrow sense, includ. Its inhab.,
lit. or fig. [mor.]:--adorning, world.
Key 1093 contr. From a prim. word; soil: by extens. A region, or the solid part or
the whole of the terrene globe (include. The occupants in each
application):, country, each (-ly), ground, land, world. The above keys from
STRONG’S. [bold emphasis added]
World—the term sometimes denotes all persons whatsoever who may have claim,
or acquire an interest in the subject matter; as in saying that a judgment in rem
binds (all the world). BLD 5th ed. P. 1490. [underline emphasis added].
In other words, if you have a vested interest in the public debt, (public debt is the
subject matter), you are a 14th amendment “person” “subject to” private
international law in the spirit world. Any judgment in rem (against the thing like a
fictitious person), can be enforced throughout the world.
Light. John 3: 19-21.
From the book TUTANKHAMUN PROPHECIES by Maurice Cotterell.
The adept becomes pure light. This means that man can become light and in so
doing becomes God. That Bruce Cathie’s figure for the speed of light suggests that
prophecies of the Maya, Egyptians and the Bible, in regard to 144,000 refer not to
those who have 144,000 written on their forehead, but instead to those who radiate
light (144,000) from their forehead. After all, the purified in all religions through
history are depicted radiating light from the head, halo-like.
Tutankhamun, the mystics of Tibet and India, and Bruce Cathie’s calculated value
for the speed of light subscribe to the notion that 144,000 are synonymous with
light. Bruce Cathie’s new calculations showed that the speed of light, as predicted
by Albert Einstein in his Theory of Relativity (300 million meters per second)
amounts to 144,000 minutes of arc per second (there are 60 minutes of arc in one
degree) and that speed would vary around this figure as light crossed grid
pathways that envelope the earth.(See the following books: Harmonic 33, Harmonic
695, The Pulse of the Universe, Harmonic 288, the Bridge to Infinity, Harmonic
371244 and The Harmonic Conquest of Space by Bruce L. Cathie.
Cathie’s figure of 144,000 minutes of arc equals 6.66 revolutions of the earth. This
simply means that light travels 6.66 revolutions of the earth in one second
(144,000) divided by 60 minutes divided by 360 (degrees) equals 6.66 revolutions.
All the above authorities on light prove their statements with mathematical formulas
in the law of reality.
Jesus speaking of the spirit in John 3:9 prompted Nicodemus to ask at:
John 3:9. “How can these things be?
John 3:10. Jesus answered, “Are you the teacher of Israel, and you do not know
these things?
John 3:11. “Most assuredly, I say to you, We speak what We know and testify what
We have seen, and you do not receive Our witness.
Notice that “We” is spelled with a capital “W”, but in John 3: 2 “we” the “w” is spelled
with a lower case letter. Here is another example of conflict of law of two different
law forums. Ancient Jewish law and the law of the New Testament in the Bible.
Ancient Jewish law would not recognize Christian law based upon what they seen
because there was no facts to support what they had seen, that faith did not satisfy
the Pharisees.
Should there be any further doubt about capital letters verses lower case letters as
noted in 28 USC Part I Chap. 5 sec. 88. Get a copy of a letter head from a
township, city, county, borough, state, or federal government. Look at the spelling.
You will find that those entity names begin with a capital letter, or in some cases all
capital letters. The original documents that created those entities, begin with a
lower case letters. Example, “freehold Township”. Has been transformed into
FREEHOLD TOWNSHIP, or Freehold Township, or Township of Freehold. Any of
the proceeding three names is a hoax and a fraud to the incorporated entities of
the nation in the law of reality. I have been saying for years that the oppression of
the spirit of the law is going to filter down to the smallest governmental subdivision.
If the people think that is a joke, they should get a copy of the law pertaining to “Soil
Erosion and Sediment” from their county commissioners office. That law is pure
communism as it directly controls the substance of the common law. That land is
reality and the environmental socialist has become the pure communist that was
their purpose all along the way. Yes, home grown communism right in your own
back yard promoted by the very people you voted for. Here is a perfect example of
putting faith in one hand and social/communist environmentalist in the other, then
see which one has the success. The facts are very clear as to who is the winner,
and why haven’t the people not been saved from the ruthless communist
state???? The truth of the matter is none of those commissioners have any power
of enforcement other than you volunteering. Neither of the other bureaucracies
have any power also. This is why most laws if not all laws; do not have the proper
enacting clauses because they are the product of an unincorporated association.
Said association formed under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 and the 14th amendment to the
Constitution of United States. That unincorporated association is comprised of
bankrupt “fictitious persons”, in the spirit of the law guided by faith that is not
grounded in facts, only illusions of their socialist minds, thus not considered a legal
entity or a sovereign people.10 See attached copy of FUMDAMENTALS OF
LEGAL RESEARCH. See also, footnote 18, at page 3. Remember reading in the
above, that people can release the choking of themselves any time they are ready.
The original documents that created those incorporated entities beginning with
lower case letters are hard to come by. The incorporated entities are a product of
Article IV Sec. 3 cl.1 to the Constitution of United States.
John 3:12. Quote omitted. Pertains to a conflict of law.
John 3:13. See above.
John 3:14. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the
Son of man is lifted.
John 3:15. That whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.
Eternal—the front of place (absol) absolute, the fore part rel. (relative) the east) or
time (antiquity); often used adv. (adverb) (before anciently, eastward);--a foretime,
ancient (time), before, east (end, part, side,--ward) external, x ever(--lasting),
forward, old, past. STRONG’S.
Comments: regarding John 3:14. The subject of Moses has been omitted as being
to lengthily. The sun of man is lifted in the east every morning. Regarding John 3:
15, Did you notice the capital letter in Him? There are no facts to define who Him is.
Is Him really a fictitious “person”? If so, that fictitious “person” will not perish but will
have eternal life in the spirit world of the mind of the unincorporated association.
As the facts appear, 3:15 has no relation to the sun in the sky. The capital “S” Son
in 3:14 relates to a “fictitious person” with an implied quasi-corporate contract. See
quasi contract at footnote 11.
The next word to flush out is perish.
Perish—implied to destroy or consume; specifically to covenant. Strong’s.
[underline emphasis added].
Perish—to come to an end; to cease. BLD 5th ed
Comments: An implied contract such as HJR 192 can be destroyed by the people
anytime they are ready. The alternative is to do nothing and the contract in the
spirit of the mind under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 and the 14th amendment with no
grounding will continue eternally.
John 3:16. For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that
whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.
Everlasting—prop (probably) concealed, i.e. the vanishing point; gen. (generally)
time out of mind (past or fut.) i.e. (practically) externity, freq. adv. (espec. With prep
pref) always.—always(s), ancient (time) anymore, continuance, eternal, (for, [n])
ever (--lasting, --more, of old), lasting, long (time) (of) old (tme), perpetual, at any
time, (beginning of time) world (+ without end). STRONG’S
Although Him is not included in 3:16 Him is included here along with He and His
contain no facts to identify the proper names, other than having capital letters, and
the fact that the mind invents a presumption as to who is He, His, and Him. Thus it
appears from the above facts, that God is used as a proper name. Notice in 3:21,
the word God is used in context with he and his with lower caption letters. Under
such circumstances, God is used as a proper name. When God is used along with
capital letter names such as He, His, and Him signifies god as a ”fictitious person”.
From the facts presented, that is the correct interpretation.
World. “sometimes denotes all “persons” whatsoever who may have claim, or
acquire an interest in the subject matter.” BLD 5th ed. P. 1490. [Underline
emphasis added]. The subject matter is the “fictitious person or persons” in the
unincorporated association under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2, and the 14th Amendment of
the Constitution of United States. See perish and Comments above.
John 3:17 For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but
that the world through Him might be saved.
Comments: As mentioned above, did you notice the capital letter in His? Then there
is the word Son. There are no facts to define who is His, but the facts have already
been established that the Son is in reality, God’s sun in the sky. As mentioned in 3:
16. Is He and His really fictitious “persons”? If so, does those “fictitious persons”
relate to an implied or quasi-corporate contract. See quasi contract at footnote 11.
There are no facts to define what world is being mentioned as there is different
worlds, and who is His? Continuing with 3:17. “through Him might be saved.”
Saved from what? It gives no facts concerning the word “saved”. The reality of the
word saved is to be saved from the law of reality in its letter and strict meaning and
interpretation under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.1; as opposed to the spirit and true meaning
under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2 of the Constitution of United States.
Whereas, The spirit of the law under Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2; and the 14th amendment
confers limited liability on “fictitious persons”, thus saving those persons from the
letter and strict meaning in the law of reality to live in the world of make believe and
to have faith with no grounding to the law of reality.
John 3:18 He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is
condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten
Son of God.
Comments: Again, there are no facts regarding who is He or Him. It has already
been established in facts who are He and Him. Here again is a conflict of law. Is He
or Him really “fictitious persons” as in a corporation or quasi corporation that
becomes a creation of the people in the spirit of the law? If a person establishes a
contract as a bankrupt with the unincorporated association, the association will not
condemn Him or He for that contract. But if a person does not believe in the Son of
God, i.e., spirit of the law; as opposed to the law of reality where the sun is the sun,
then there is a conflict of two different law forums that one does not recognize the
other.
John 3:19 And this is the condemnation, that the light has come into the world, and
men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds where evil.
Comments: Again there are no facts, just words that can mean anything that the
mind with its illusions invents as being the truth. The idea of the unincorporated
association is to keep men unenlightened so as to keep them in darkness. Light is
the reality of life; instead of corporate communism with its darkness in materialism
and the dictator that lies ahead.
John 3:20 For everyone practicing evil hates the light and does not come to the
light, lest his deeds should be exposed. See 3;19 Comments.
John 3:21 But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his deeds may be
clearly seen, that they have been done in God.
You ask why the symbolism? The government will not come forthright and tell you
you’re under admiralty-maritime law because public policy is not the law that applies
to everyone. You enter the law of your choice using your right to contract law
whether it is the law of admiralty-maritime or the common law of “the state”.
If you chose public policy, with its convenience and expediency, the answer lies in
what the court noted in DeLivio v. Boit 7 Fed. Case 418;* (l815) U.S. App. LEXIS
162,**; 1997 AMC 550; 2 Gall. 398, October 1815 Term. [**13] That commercial
convenience and necessity required the courts of England to proceed [not in the
courts of common law] but in admiralty-maritime to be governed by the rules and
forms of the civil law. Those admiralty-maritime rules and forms were established
[**111 [underline emphasis added]
In the charter of Massachusetts, in 1692, there is an express reservation of the
exclusive right in the crown to establish admiralty courts, by virtue of commissions
issued for this purpose. See, also, Colon. Acts 1668, 1672; Mass. Col. & Provo
Laws (Ed. 1814) p. 716.
According to Stoke’s History of Colonies (Chapter 4, p. 166), there is authority for
the governor, the latest being the governor of the royal province of New Hampshire
in Geo. III, “to take cognizance of, and proceed in, all causes civil and maritime, and
in complaints, contracts, offences or suspected offences, crimes, pleas, debts,
exchanges, accounts, charter parties, agreements, suits, trespasses, inquiries,
extortions, and demands, and business civil and maritime whatsoever,
commenced or to be commenced between merchants, … and merchants.” [See
Title 15 USC Trade and Commerce Chap. 41 Sec. 1602 (c,) (d), (e)] in part to wit:
(c) The term ''organization'' means a corporation, government or
governmental subdivision or agency, trust, estate, partnership, cooperative,
or association.
(d) The term ''person'' means a natural person or an organization.
(e) The term ''credit'' means the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer
payment of debt or to incur debt and defer its payment. [Bold emphasis added]
[“forgive our debts as we forgive our debtors”]
When engaged in commerce through the banking system, you are a merchant,
either as a debtor or creditor. Each has agreed not to demand payment from each
other.
Delivio v. Boit, further declares the jurisdiction to extend “throughout all and every
the seashores, public streams, ports, fresh waters, rivers, as well of the sea, as of
the rivers and coasts whatsoever of our said province, &c. In point of fact the vice
admiralty court of Massachusetts, before the Revolution, exercised a jurisdiction
far more extensive, than that of the admiralty in England. See, also, The Little Joe,
Stew. Vice Adm. 394.”
Have you ever wondered why Massachusetts is a leading state in socialism? The
law of the sea, admiralty-maritime does not deal with the realities of life such as the
family unit, morality, absolute ownership of land, and if you think you own your land
then why are you discharging taxes on that land??? Why is the Deed written with
your name in all CAPITAL letters??? The reason in fact and in law you own it, but
you do not have control over the land. The land exists in reality under Article IV
Section 3 cl.1 to the Constitution of United States; and you as a fictitious person
exist in the spirit of the law subject to Article IV Section 3 cl.2; the 11th and 14th
amendments as a fiduciary trustee. The same can be said of all your personal
property also.
Instead, we have privileges and immunities, communal living on a ship such as
spaceship earth, seas that are constantly in motion just like the debt/credit system,
police cars called cruisers, policies of insurance instead of insurance policies, high
seas and highways, six man (person) jury, commissioners etc, the admiralty-
maritime nomenclature is everywhere.
Continuing with Delivio v. Boit, Mr. Justice Winchester (speaking with reference to
contracts) has very correctly [**113] observed, that “neither the judicial act nor the
constitution, which it follows, limit the admiralty jurisdiction of the district court in any
respect to place. It is bounded only by the nature of the cause, over which it is to
decide.” Stevens v. The Sandwich [Sandwich is the name of a ship] [Case No.
13,409]. “The language of the constitution will therefore warrant the most liberal
interpretation; and it may not be unfit to hold, that it had reference to that maritime
jurisdiction, which commercial convenience, public policy, and national
rights, have contributed to establish, with slight local differences, over all Europe.”
Underline bold emphasis added]. [**6] “that every contract between merchant and
merchant or within the flood mark shall be tried before the admiralty and not
elsewhere.” [footnotes omitted] [Underline emphasis added] The court further
acknowledged [**36] that “things not in their own nature maritime, such as a
contract for payment of money”11 … Last but not least, [**118-119] “what are
properly to be deemed ‘maritime contracts’ … contracts and quasi contracts
respecting contributions … and; policies of insurance.”12 [Bold emphasis
added]. The DeLivio case was rendered under (j)udical (P)ower of Article III Sec. 2
cl.1 in the admiralty-maritime law of reality based upon bilateral contracts when
there was a meeting of the minds with no silent third parties such as the
government.
To the contrary; in the spirit world of make believe, we have one sided unilateral
contracts involving admiralty-maritime that are enforced; not under (j)udical (P)ower
of Article III; but rather (J)udical (p)ower of Article IV Sec. 3 cl.2; 11th and 14th
amendments where the government becomes the third party through Title 12 USC
95(a), Title 15 USC Chap. 41 Sec.1602, (c), (d), (e).
With the above in mind, one can see the results of HJR 192 in that there is no
money, no payment of debt and no separation of powers doctrine. Instead the
nation has in the ‘spirit of” make believe under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.2, that combined
the civil law with its privileges and immunities under admiralty-maritime along with
private international law and the common law as noted in Delivio v. Boit. The
province of Massachusetts (before the Revolution), combined the admiralty-
maritime civil law with the common law to create a state of “subjects” for the King of
England. After the Revolution, with the signing of the “Declaration of
Independence” and the drafting of the Constitution with its Article I Section 10 in
“Payment of Debt”, the province of Massachusetts became “the state” of
Massachusetts that separated the common law from the civil law of admiralty-
maritime. This separation of the different law forums created what is known as the
“Conflict of Laws” doctrine. See attached copy of Conflict of Law by AE Antone.
See also Conflict of Laws in the Bible under Ezekiel, in the Old Testament; and
Matthew, Mark, John and Luke in the new testament discussed on the next page at
33.
HJR 192 transformed “the state”(s) of the Union under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.1, with its
separation of powers doctrine to “this state”(s) of federated states under Article IV
Sec. 3. cl.2 that has no separation of powers doctrine. In other words, HJR 192
nullified the Revolution, not to the extent that the people are governed by a King;
but to the extent the people are now governed by quasi corporate privileges and
immunities that greased the rails for the socialist state through contributions. Said
contributions became public policy under the new contract/proclamation/testament
for the sake of commercial convenience and national rights.
Public policy decided that hard coin in payment of debt was an inconvenience that
restricted the production and shipment of goods in commerce because there had to
be a shipment of the hard coin from place to place. Additionally, you cannot create
multiples from that hard coin, otherwise the coin is not what it declares to be worth.
It was what it represented to be. “Payment” of debt meant the courts must construe
the Constitution under the letter and strict meaning of the Constitution under Article
IV Sec. 3 cl.1; As opposed to today’s spirit world of HJR 192 and public policies new
contract/proclamation/testament. There is no transfer of wealth, (gold or silver),
only electronic markers stored in a banks computer system for the sake of
commercial convenience under Article IV Sec. 3. cl.2. See Title 15 USC Chap. 41
Sec.1602 (c), (d), (e), Title 12 USC 95a. In fact there is no gold and silver backing
in the Federal Reserve Banks. HJR 192 gave the public a fiat money system13
based upon faith. If you believe most politicians can be trusted with faith, then you
do believe in the tooth fairy. But then the people prefer to make gods out of
warped Hollywood types, greedy sports players, greedy corporate executives and
the list goes on, that is concentrating the wealth in the hands of the few. See Alan
Greenspan’s book “The Age of Turbulence”.
Regarding Conflict of Laws mentioned on the previous page, it appears that the
ancient law forum was not only followed under Admiralty-maritime but also in land
bound areas as evidenced in the Old Testament in Ezekiel; and the new testament
under Matthew, Mark, and Luke in the New Revised Edition of the King James
version of the Bible, Nelson Publishers. Matthew 19:24 says it is easier for a camel
to go through the eye of the needle than a rich man to enter the kingdom heaven.
The question becomes, does that statement represent a conflict of law regarding
reality in the law and; spirit of the law or both?
Is the eye of the needle as noted in Matthew 19:24 referring to the fact that certain
market places were just that, a place where people took their goods and services
for buying, selling, and trading using hard coin in every transaction. This was the
law of reality under the Old Testament. Was the Old Testament the forerunner to
Article I Section 10, Article IV Section 3 cl.1 to the Constitution to the United
States???. As commerce started to expand, there became a need for larger market
places, thus was born the large commercial trading centers? What separated
these commercial trading centers from the general market places was the fact they
were gated centers that only allowed within that center, to the exclusion of the
general population, merchant traders that took a oath that their word was as “good
as gold”. That oath was based upon the fact that the merchants deposited hard
coin with a third party who was a member of the center that settled all accounts at
the end of the day. These merchants could then buy, sell, and trade without the
use of hard coin being involved in every transaction within that gated center, thus
speeding up the commercial trading process to become the forerunners to today’s
debt/credit system. These commercial trading centers become known as the lex
merchantoria or law merchant that is reflected in today’s Uniform Commercial
Code. The eye of the needle was the shape of the gates to allow passage of the
merchants and their camels with its cargo and high profile in and out of the
commercial centers. The eye of the needle is also a very strong and stable
structure that represented the strength of the commercial centers.
The next time you pass a courthouse, especially the older ones, take notice of the
shape of the windows and doorways. Do you see the eye of the needle? The
ancient common law in England never recognized the commercial law until the year
1707. See attached copy of Conflict of Law by A.E.Antone. In order to announce
that the common law would now adjudicate commercial disputes within its walls, the
eye of the needle is displayed in its windows and doorways.
The question is, was those gated centers the forerunner to Article IV Section 3 cl.2
of the Constitution of the United States??? With the evidence of the courthouse
windows and doorways, and the numerous law journal articles that discuss Conflict
of Law, the answer is in the affirmative.
7 The gift tax statutes of 1939 were passed after Erie RR v. Tompkins in 1938.
Intangible means, there is no record that you owe the tax, only a presumption.
The intangible is the debt res (or object) that the courts construct a trust upon.
In trust refers to a constructive or implied trust.
Indirect refers to the fact that there is no direct evidence, such as a bilateral
contract or a physical privilege or franchise issued out of the secretary of state’s
office.
Real and personal property is referring to what is gifted to the trust.
8 ILLEGAL ALIENS
One thing that must be keep in mind about a public trust is the trust must keep
expanding or the trust will collapse.
In the late 1920’s and early 1930’s we faced the problem of not having enough gold
to meet future delivery demands.
Today we are facing the added pressures of the retiring baby boomer generation
which means less performers to fill the private contracts the boomers made for
future delivery of goods and services for themselves. In a debt/credit system there
is no money in a lock box only human performances to fulfill the needs of the future
non-performers. The same applies to Social Security. In order to solve this
problem, the powers that be bring in illegal aliens so the debt/credit system can
monetize them as “persons” “subject to” the 14th amendment. In other words, once
the government acquires the aliens signature on a U.S. government document, the
government acting under Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 of the Constitution of U.S. will restate
the aliens signature name to all CAPITAL letters. At that point in time that alien will
be given a Social Security account number and that account number (Social
Security number) will be monetized through the Federal Reserve System in a
debt/credit account and that “person” is no longer an alien. In other words, he or
she becomes CAPITAL in the debt/credit system under Article IV sec. 3 cl.2 with
quasi corporate privileges and immunities. If the government can monetize enough
aliens it will ease the future contract obligations and Social Security benefits for the
future non-producers. Otherwise, to do nothing could result in the future retires
receiving nothing should the debt/credit system collapse not to mention the
government has intervened with your right to contract for such services.
The difference between liberals and conservatives is liberal politicians believe in
liberal policies that accelerate the rate of credit hand outs therefore, there has to
be more performers (CAPITAL) brought into the debt credit system. Whereas,
conservative politicians believe in a slower more conservative policy of spending
the credits of the association. Either way, the CAPITAL will come from the citizens
of United States, illegal aliens or foreign investors through the World Bank that the
Federal Reserve System is a member. With zero growth in paradise under Marxism
that means there has to be open borders to bring in illegal aliens so they can be
converted into CAPITAL to keep the association from collapsing.
It is my firm belief that the reason why corporations are leaving United States is the
fact that the U.S. citizen is so encumbered with debt, that he or she can no longer
be considered CAPITAL to the corporation. The corporations need assets in order
to borrow credit as operating CAPITAL. Foreign countries offer unencumbered
human resources.
The question becomes how much oppression and loss of Constitutional rights
including the first 10 amendment liberties are the members of the association willing
to tolerate and pass on to their offspring??? This is particularly true of giant
corporations such as the auto industry. There is going to be a heavy price to pay
for members of the association for such policies. Politicians can only steal from the
producers and give to the non producers and in the process they become rich and
powerful and in return the masses worship them as their god and we wonder why
we have the massive catastrophic problems we have in this country.
Consider your name. It consists of one or more Christian or given names and a
family name (patronymic). If you are baptized look at the record and you will see the
proper spelling of your name. In the state of "We the People" your name would be
spelled with a capital letter followed by lower case letters. This would apply to your
first, middle and
last name. A description or abbreviation is not the equivalent of a name.
Fictitious name. A counterfeit, alias, feigned, or pretended name taken by a person,
differing in some essential particular from his true name (consisting of Christian
name and patronymic), with the implication that it is meant to deceive or mislead.
Counterfeit. To forge to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with a view to
deceive or defraud. From Black’s Law Dict. 5th ed.
You now know the correct spelling of your name and also that any alteration is a
fictitious name meant to deceive or mislead. When your name is spelled with
abbreviations or differing in some essential particular such as being spelled with all
capital letters it is a fictitious name.
Why does your name appear in all CAPITAL letters on all your legal documents?
Look at your drivers license, deed, certificates, marriage license etc. When you are
summoned into court for whatever reason look at how they spell your name, check
the property tax bill for your property. The CAPITAL letters signifies you are a
fiduciary trustee of all your property.
U.S. Congressman, James Trafficant from Ohio stated United States is going
through the biggest bankruptcy and reorganization in its history. He is the only
public figure to make that statement to the public along with other public statements
that prompted the federal government to prosecute and convict Trafficant with
criminal charges.
To illustrate a bankruptcy in simple terms, a point in fact. A private person declares
bankruptcy. A bankruptcy judge is appointed to handle the case. The judge then
appoints a trustee who will manage that person estate. At that point in time, that
person has lost control over his estate. He still owns the estate but has lost control
over the estate. That person’s financial affairs are in a state of reorganization
along with his freedoms. There is now a third party to his life during the bankruptcy.
In a public bankruptcy as expressed by the United States in 1933, Congress under
Article IV Section 3 cl.2 of the U.S. Constitution is appointed trustee in the
reorganization of the U.S. The bankruptcy and reorganization applies only to
those individuals who have volunteered to that jurisdiction under Article IV Section 3
cl.2; 11th and 14th Amendments. The evidence that you volunteered is your name
spelled in all CAPITAL letters on any legal or taxing documents. A point in fact and
in law. See Title 28 United States Code Part I Chapter 5 Sec. 88. Copy attached.
Note the capital letter spelling of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to
“district court of Untied States for the District of Columbia”. Then the Court of
Appeals of the District of Columbia on one hand and the district courts of United
States and the court of appeals on the other. What you are seeing is the result of
the bankruptcy in 1933 and the resulting change in the court system as spelled out
in the O’Donoghue case. The original capital letter courts have been set aside, but
not abolished, in favor of lower case letter courts. Proof that there is a big
difference between documents spelled with capital letters verses lower case letters.
The capital letter personal name today can also be used in the context of
strawman, res, resident, quasi in rem, quasi corporate privilege, and as “other
property”. Before 1933, there were very few people of the United States who had
any contact with the federal government, therefore there was no need for the
United States Supreme Court that we have today.
Strawman as a fictitious person, specifically one that is weak or flawed. . .
.. A third party used in some transactions as a temporary transferee to allow the
principal to accomplish something that is otherwise impossible. Compare with
Dummy. From Blacks Law Dict. 8th edition at p. 1461. [Bold underline emphasis
added].
Now you know how and why the government from the lowest municipality, township,
city, county, state, and the feds runs your life and why the courts rule like they do
even down to requiring you to wear seat belts. After all the government has a
vested interest in you in social security, Medicare, Medicaid that you volunteered
into.
9 From Title 48 Code of Federal Regulations. Credit is given to Gene Keating for
his work on this subject.
10 Sovereign—A person, body, or state in which independent and supreme
authority is vested; a chief ruler with supreme power; a king or other with limited
power. BLD 5th ed. P. 1252. There are those persons who say there is only one
King and that is the King in heaven. With that admission in the spirit of the law, is
that not volunteering to give up your sovereignty for a lesser station in life?
11 That is a common law contract exclusive of silent third parties and the civil law in
admiralty-maritime jurisdiction.
12 Contribution. In the civil law, a partition by which the creditors of an
insolvent debtor divide among themselves the proceeds of his property
proportionally to the amount of their respective credits. Division which is made
among the heirs of the succession of the debts with which the succession is
charged, according to the proportion which each is bound to bear. Underline
emphasis added.
Quasi contract. An obligation which law creates in absence of agreement; it is
invoked by courts where there is unjust enrichment. Andrews v. O'Grady, 44 Misc.
2d 28, 252 N.Y.S.2d 814, 817. Function of "quasi contract" is to raise obligation in
law where in fact the parties made no promise, and it is not based on apparent
intention of the parties. Fink v. Goodson Todman Enterprises, Limited, 9 C.A.3d
996, 88 Cal. Rptr, 679, 690. See also Contract. Black’s Law Dict. 5th ed
In the civil law, a contractual relation arising out of transactions between the parties
which give them mutual rights and obligations, but do not involve a specific and
express convention or agreement between them. The lawful and purely voluntary
acts of a man, from which there results any obligation whatever to a third person,
and sometimes a reciprocal obligation between the parties. Civ.Code La. art. 2293.
Black’s Law Dict. 5th Ed. p. 293.
FICA, Federal Insurance Contributions Act is Social Security that is a policy of
insurance under the civil law of admiralty-maritime law.
13 A few years ago, Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve
System testified before a Congressional hearing, that even a fiat money system
should be treated as though it was backed by gold. See also Alen Greenspan’s
book , “The Age of Turbulence.”
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